性价比 一般 证据等级 A 换回:死亡率 花钱:0 耗时:少 需毅力:否

第 26 条 · 不要指望吃早餐或 16:8 轻断食帮你控制体重,吃饭时间挑你能长期坚持的

要花什么

不花钱。省下的是每天跟吃饭时间较劲的那点心力。

说人话

流行说法是不吃早餐会让人午饭晚饭暴食,一天总量反而更多。试验里不是这样:不吃早餐的人一天少吃了两百多千卡,体重还略轻一点。16:8 和单纯少吃比,一年下来体重也没差别。长期不吃早餐的人心血管病确实多约一成七,总死亡率则看不出差别。

能换回什么(收益)

先看「不吃早餐会让人后面吃更多」这个说法。一篇荟萃分析把 13 项随机试验合起来算。被分到吃早餐那组的人,每天摄入比不吃早餐那组多 259.79 kcal(95% CI 78.87–440.71,这是可信范围)。体重高 0.44 kg(0.07–0.82)。不吃早餐的人并没有在午饭晚饭补回来。这些试验跟踪时间都很短,看体重的平均 7 周,看摄入的平均 2 周。再看 16:8 这类只在固定几小时内吃饭的做法。一项让 116 名超重成人做 12 周。只在中午 12 点到晚上 8 点吃饭的那组,和每天规律吃三顿的那组,体重差 −0.26 kg(−1.30 到 0.78),不显著。另一项在广州做,139 名肥胖患者,跟踪 12 个月。限时进食加控制热量,比单纯控制热量多减 1.8 kg(−4.0 到 0.4),也不显著。最后看长期不吃早餐有没有害。238 万人的汇总里,不吃早餐的人心血管病风险高约 17%(OR 1.17,1.09–1.26),心血管死亡高约 49%(OR 1.49,1.20–1.84)。但这些是只记录、不分组的研究。跟踪 17 到 23 年的那项原始研究里,全因死亡的风险比是 1.19,可信范围 0.99 到 1.42,跨过了 1,算不上有差别。

原始来源

Sievert K, Hussain SM, Page MJ, 等 (2019). Effect of breakfast on weight and energy intake: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l42;Lowe DA, Wu N, Rohdin-Bibby L, 等 (2020). Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men With Overweight and Obesity. JAMA Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4153;Liu D, Huang Y, Huang C, 等 (2022). Calorie Restriction with or without Time-Restricted Eating in Weight Loss. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2114833;Zhang H, Zhang S, Liu Y, 等 (2025). The association between skipping breakfast and cardiovascular disease: a meta analysis. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1565806;Rong S, Snetselaar LG, Xu G, 等 (2019). Association of Skipping Breakfast With Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.065;Fernandes-Alves D, Teixeira GP, Guimarães KC, Crispim CA (2026). Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials Comparing Time-Restricted Eating With and Without Caloric Restriction for Weight Loss. Nutrition Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf053;Sun T, Zhang L, Lu Y, 等 (2024). Non-linear relationship between the first meal time of the day and gallstone incidence in American adults. Frontiers in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1521707;Liu T, Wang Y, Wang X, 等 (2023). Habitually Skipping Breakfast Is Associated with the Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancers: Evidence from the Kailuan Cohort Study. Journal of General Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-023-08094-7